Process Writing for ESL and EFL

Process writing is an approach to incorporating writing skills from the very beginning of the English learning process. It was developed by Gail Heald-Taylor in her book Whole Language Strategies for ESL Students. Process writing focuses on allowing students—especially young learners—to write with plenty of room left for error. Standard correction begins slowly, and children are encouraged to communicate through writing, despite limited understanding of structure. Process writing can also be used in an adult ESL/EFL setting to encourage learners to start working on their writing skills from a beginning level. If you are teaching adults, the first thing learners need to understand is that their writing skills will be well below their native language writing skills. This seems rather obvious, but adults are often hesitant to produce written or spoken work that is not up to the same level as their native language skills. By easing your students fears about producing sub-par written work, you can help encourage them to improve their writing abilities. Only mistakes made in grammar and vocabulary that has been covered up to the current point in time should be corrected. Process writing is all about the process of writing. Students are striving to come to terms with writing in English by writing in English. Allowing for mistakes and refining based on materials covered in class—instead of perfect English—will help students incorporate skills at a natural pace, and improve their understanding of materials discussed in class in a natural progression. Here is a short overview of how you can incorporate process writing into your students learning routine. Aim: Improve writing skills from beginning levels of EnglishActivity: Process writing - journalsLevel: Beginning to advancedMaterials Needed: Notebook for each student Outline Encourage learners to write in their journal at least a few times a week. Explain the idea of process writing, and how mistakes arent important at this stage. If you are teaching higher levels, you can vary this by stating that mistakes in grammar and syntax on material not yet covered arent important  and that this will be a great way to review material covered in past levels. Students should write on the front side of each page only. Teachers will provide notes on the writing on the back. Remember to focus only on material covered in class when correctly student work. Start this activity by modeling the first journal entry as a class. Ask students to come up with various themes that could be covered in a journal (hobbies, work-related themes, observations of family and friends, etc.). Write these themes on the board. Ask each student to choose a theme and write a short journal entry based on this theme. If students do not know a particular vocabulary item, they should be encouraged to describe this item (for example, the thing which turns on the TV)  or draw the item. Collect the journals the first time in class and do a quick, superficial correction of each students journal. Ask students to rewrite their work based on your comments. After this first session, collect students workbooks once a week and correct only one piece of their writing. Ask students to rewrite this piece.

Family Dynamics And Aggressive Behavior - 2380 Words

Research Article Review This paper will be based on two articles that I have reviewed and summarized. The two articles are: Family Dynamics and Aggressive Behavior in Latino Adolescents; and Latino Families: The Relevance of the Connection Among Acculturation, Family Dynamics, and Health for Family Counseling Research and Practice. The article review will be based on the article’s research information on the study. Also, on how it relates to the Child and Family Studies class 4300. The article reviews have information regarding the family dynamics and children’s development. Family Dynamics and Aggressive Behavior in Latino Adolescents The article called, Family Dynamics and Aggressive Behavior in Latino Adolescents, is by Paul R. Smokowski, Roderick A. Rose, Martica L. Bacallao, Katie L. Cotter, Caroline B. R. Evans. The articles volume it 57, No. 3, pp. 295-308. This article is published by National Council on Family Relations. This article is about what are the influencers on the Latino family functions. This includes many different aspects like the adolescent conflict, parent worry, parent’s relationship, and on how Latinos aggressive behavior affects them. This paper will include what was the purpose of the research and what was the ending results. As well as, the key findings, methods used, and what applications and implications used in this study. Research and Purpose The purpose of this research was to find out more about aggressive behavior for Latino youth. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Understanding Individual Personality in Counseling897 Words   |  4 Pagescharacteristics into larger groups that then define how a counselor should approach the design of therapy. Meyer Friedman created two distinct categories in this notion. Type A personalities were defined as being much more aggressive and outspoken, while Type B personalities were much less aggressive and much more relaxed (Cloninger 2008). 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Logistics Supply Chain Management †Free Assignment Solution

Question: Topic of Organization: DELL Analyse the effectiveness of these three aspects of the transportation management, namely incoterms (international commercial terms) selection consideration, carrier selection criteria, and carrier relationship management. Answer: Introduction Today Dell has become the largest computer manufacturing company in the world and it delivers their product almost more than 170 countries in the world. Dell believes that to deliver their computers, whether to one person or thousands of laptop and desktop to a number of enterprises, everyone gets their order to its accurate destination ant on the right time. In terms of improving the condition of the transportation sector, Dell always chooses the right transportation mode for the orders, without any additional cost (Kimble Bourdon, 2013). Hence, being the transport manager, will explain the effectiveness of transport capability of the Dell Company, by analyzing the transport management and its process of carrier selection. Dell is an American Global Information technology organization in Texas and mainly deals with the computers and the products related to the computers. The main business of the Dell is to sell the different kinds of models of computers and laptops which include many functions, colors, and price (Kimble Bourdon, 2013). This differentiation helps the customers to buy the computer according to their choice with various options. The Company believes that marketing is not just delivering products to the customers, but also to satisfy the customer according to their demand. The companys main market leadership is to deliver the best possible satisfaction of the customers with direct selling products and services that are based on the standards of the technology. This helps the company to deal with its competitors like Lenovo and Hewlett-Packard and other makers of personal computers (Chen Miller-Hooks, 2012). The main purpose of Dell Company is to deliver the best computer service based on technology, and enables its customer to grow and succeed. Dell success totally depends on the customer fulfillment, offering, global expansion and financial performance of the company. Effectiveness of transportation capability Being the transport manager of the Dell Company, one has to manage the plans and organize all the matters related to transportation of products in a company by taking Incoterms in mind. The manager has to work and take action in sectors like warehouses, manufacture section, and freight section (Lai, 2004). International commercial terms are worldwide known as standard trade terms used in sales contracts. They are used for the connivance for buyers and wholesaler identify- . Who is answerable for the charge of transporting the products? . From where the products should be picked up from and deliver to . Who is answerable for the risk during the transportation process? The incoterm rules are the essential part of trading. As the Dell Company has a different mode of the transportation system, it is important for them to provide rules and guidance to transporters to deliver the goods in the worldwide. Dell prices FCA (Incoterm) does not include import and export duties, tariffs or other charges related to exporting and importing the products. Dell may be charged for shipping and handling on the invoice where appropriate (Lai, 2004). The products are delivered to the customers in properly specified time for the delivery in terms of the FCA (Incoterm) (Seung, 2015). Free carrier (FCA Incoterm) is used in the Dell company as their mode of transport is more than one i.e., air, road, and sea. Its a simple and flexible rule that is suitable for all the conditions in which buyer arrange the main carriage lock- . Place of delivery . Freight arrangement . Arrange export and import clearance . Loading and offloading costs . Transfer of risk To perform the effectiveness of work as a manager I have to solve the problems of an organization and improve the conditions of communication skills (Paulauskas, 2016). To maintain the effectiveness of transport management as a manager of Dell I have to follow certain functions and process Supervise Transport Function As a transport manager of DELL Company, I have to organize the transportation program which inculcates the significances, objectives and financial restrictions on the DELL Company. Its my responsibility to ensure that the other staff follows the plan to help the DELL in providing best possible services to the customers (Seung, 2015). To provide proper training in the transport sector helps to decrease the ratio of accidents, which maintain the image of the DELL company and also helpful in increasing profit ratio. As a transport manager, I have to coordinate and cooperate with staff training to ensure that drivers are aware of all central and local traffic regulations. Planning Routes DELL main mode of transportation is by air, rail and by ship. As a manager, I have to plan and organize the daily routes and to oversee the logistics involving to the carriage of the consignment or persons. This effectively leads to the closely with customers and suppliers in planning the fastest and minimum expensive routes. Maintain Records To make the transportation management of DELL more effective as a manager I have to maintain the records relating to the department, routine maintenance, and expenditures. I have to updates the records relating to the Dell policies as well as government rules and regulations. I must maintain the proper records of staff, licensing, driving test (Seung, 2015). For maintaining transparency, I have to prepare a budget and examines the shipping documents to ensure that they are well organized and well-prepared. Safety and Maintenance Dell always tries to provide the best possible service to their customers with the assurance of proper safety and maintenance of the product. As a manager, I have to maintain the proper inspection on the Dell equipment and vehicles, and ready to take action and replacement or any repair if deemed essential. Solving Problems As a transport manager, I have to solve the issues relating to late deliveries and customer complaints. I have to consider the problem carefully and solve it with an ideal solution. Communication with the related authorities to solve the problem relating to any issue like accidents at the workplace or, any miss happening during transportation Carrier selection criteria Dell company criteria of selection of carrier are a method of choosing appropriate workers with different strength and skills. The company creates an atmosphere which motivates the carriers to improve their performance as well as the market share of the company (Garver, 2016). The carrier is selected in terms to achieve the transportation goal of the company. Following are the possible carrier selection criteria according to the transformational goals and the need of the Dell company- Organizational structure- The transport manager has an authority to make the decisions on behalf of the carriers and the carrier is dedicated towards the manager and the organization. Professional reputation- The carrier of Dell Company is professional and skilled to achieve the goals of transportation and he is an active person in product delivers on local, national and international trade. Present customer references- For inspecting, the performance of the carrier, the manager gives the list of current customers and inspect the work of carrier. Financial Stability- The carrier of the Dell Company provides a financial balance sheet, income statement so that the financial department uses the performance and ability of the carrier to measure not only to stay in the company but also to make necessary capital improvements (Stankov, 2000). Pricing structure- The carrier is appointed in flexibility based rating and durability of contracts etc. Carrier costing-In Dell company transportation goals are clear in terms of carrier costing and it is easy to explain and understand. The device is consistent with the services provided by the Dell to the customers. Intermodal connection- The carrier has an ability to connect with trustworthy intermodal transport workers in all areas where a Dell company does business. Cargo service- The carrier of a Dell company has an ability to handle all types of cargo that company ship, whether it is moveable or break bulk, full truckloads, or intermodal containers and previews (Stankov, 2000). Training- As discussed earlier also that training in the transport department of DELL Company is very effective and essential. Training relating to different testing of drivers and other employees related to transport is given under the proper supervision of the manager (Stankov, 2000). Discipline- Maintaining discipline in each section whether its transport or another department is necessary to achieve the goal of DELL Company. The carrier can take effective action against any employee involved in loss or damage due to the negligence of discipline. Cargo Inventory- It is the duty of the carrier to check all the shipments, at each transport, including at destination delivery. Loss notification: The carrier of the Dell company, contact to the related person immediately to the loss of a shipment. The carrier is able to assist in minimizing the extent of loss by taking proper actions. Insurance coverage- The carrier knows the legal responsibility limits that are appropriate to the value of estimated consignment. Monitoring and control- Once the carrier is selected in Dell company or contracted to provide service their performance of doing work is monitored in the performance areas. The key factors of measuring performance include customer satisfaction at delivery time, any damage to the product during shipping (Yuh-Horng Wen, 2012). Carrier relationship management Effective carrier relationship management helpful in providing services to the customers. In the absence of the carrier, the Dell Company wouldnt provide value to the other employees. Dell introduces a program NFV (Network Function Virtualization) that provides network equipment to the carriers with maximum flexibility and control (Golicic, 2007). Carriers become more modernized to meet the customer demands and bring the product to market faster. It helps the carrier to take the advantage of this technology. Following points is considered in the Dell Company to improve the carrier relationship with management. Work for success- In the effective transportation system, it is important, driver availability and proper guidelines to collaborate with the carrier and to ensure them that they are adding a gainful business to their system. This will lead a long-term relationship with the carriers (Chou, 2015). Share opportunities- If there is a chance of raising new opportunities in the company it should be shared with the carriers. It leads a good relationship with the carrier and the carrier benefits by earning more of a business. Proper communication- Proper and regular communication with the carrier is a must for the relationship. The regular meetings regarding the performances of the carrier, the matter related to the new policies and the other related matters, strength the relationship. Plan- With any new policy and program, plan with the carrier to get its system ready to take the new program and this planning will not create any confusion with the carriers and relationship will also be not affected (Golicic, 2007). Treat drivers well- A long-term and permanent driver knows the company process and system of transportation and they handle the delivery process more effectively. So by treating well behaves with the drivers is the key factor in maintaining a healthy atmosphere in the company. Use technology- As discussed above with the new technology of Network Function Virtualization on Dell will give an advantage to the carrier to do their work with modernization. Provide data- To provide proper data to the carrier during delivery process is very essential. This data information helps the carrier to find out its proper location and the time of delivery. The transparency and accuracy of data, information create faith in between the carrier and the transport management. Monitor interactions- By monitoring the whole system of transport management and by taking good and effective interaction between the carriers/shipper creates a healthy relationship, and resultant o improve service and reduce costs. Solving the problems- Sometimes there are the conditions in which transport management has to solve the problem of carrier in personal level for the sake of the company. This will increase the performance level of the carrier as he works with sound state of mind and tries to make their best effort in work. Appreciate the work- to appreciate the work of any, employee, whether a carrier or another sector employee appreciation of his work is the key factor to maintaining a good relationship. It also increases the morale of the carrier and new carrier will also be faithful and try to do the work more efficiently to become a permanent employee of the company (Thakuriah, 2011). Conclusion Thus, after the deep study and analysis in terms of International commercial terms, carrier selection criteria and carrier relationship management, we can say that Dell always tries to provide the best possible service to the customers with the assurance of proper safety of the products. To fulfill this target of the company transport manager must do an effective job. He is well trained in his skills and has proper knowledge of Incoterms, carrier selection and another transport system of the company. According to above discuss points as manager in DELL Company have to make the transportation system more effective and durable for the company growth and development. The whole transportation system must be under the supervision of the manager and implement on the proper schedule (Kusiak, 2013). So that the carriage and persons deliver on time. Dell has used modernized technology for transportation and to satisfy customers with leading airlines, cargo carriers, and freight forwarders. Th e company uses a proper process of selecting a carrier with different skills and knowledge. Dell also maintains the relationship with the carrier to make the transportation system more effective and able to deliver the products in worldwide. References Chen, L. Miller-Hooks, E. (2012). Resilience: An Indicator of Recovery Capability in Intermodal Freight Transport.Transportation Science,46(1), 109-123. Chou, P. (2015). An analysis of the relationship between service failure, service recovery and loyalty for Low Cost Carrier travelers.Journal Of Air Transport Management,47, 119-125. Garver,. (2016). Examining Carrier Selection with Situational Choice Models.Transportation Journal,55(2), 224. Golicic, S. (2007). A comparison of shipper and carrier relationship strength.International Journal Of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,37(9), 719-739. Kimble, C. Bourdon, I. (2013). The Link Among Information Technology, Business Models, and Strategic Breakthroughs: Examples from Amazon, Dell, and eBay.Global Business And Organizational Excellence,33(1), 58-68. Kusiak, S. (2013). Carrier Portfolios.The Journal Of Portfolio Management,40(1), 61-70. Lai, K. (2004). Service capability and performance of logistics service providers.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics And Transportation Review,40(5), 385-399. Paulauskas, V. (2016). Ship and Quay Wall Mooring System Capability Evaluation.Transportation Research Procedia,14, 123-132. Seung, M. (2015). Factors influencing trust and partnership in shipper-carrier relationship: How do these affect electronic trading transactions in South Korea?.African Journal Of Business Management,9(21), 741-751. Stankov, S. (2000). Adequate selection of anticancer agents: a task which can be fulfilled by changing selection criteria.Medical Hypotheses,54(3), 503-504. Thakuriah, P. (2011). Analysis of Cost-Effectiveness of Employment Transportation Services.Transportation Research Record: Journal Of The Transportation Research Board,2217, 55-62. Yuh-Horng Wen,. (2012). Impact of Collaborative Transportation Management on Logistics Capability and Competitive Advantage for the Carrier.Transportation Journal,51(4), 452.

Reviews Essay Example

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Haitians in Miami essays

Haitians in Miami essays Alex Stepick III examines the underlying causes and consequences of the Haitian presence in Miami and finds: (1) A consistent U.S. federal policy designed to repress the flow of Haitian refugees to Miami that was impeded by its own illegality, by political support from Black Americans and national church, civil, and human rights organizations, and by the coincidental arrival and initial welcome of Mariel Cuban refugees. (2) A contrast between negative stereotypes of the Haitians and the reality of a diverse Haitian population, with some having comfortable middle-class life-styles and others being among the countrys most suffering immigrants. (3) Their difficulties, afflicting even those relatively well-off Haitians. He asserts that these difficulties do not occur because of Haitians attitudes, behaviors, or skills. Rather, the majority of the Miamians have discriminated against Haitians. 1970s: A wave of hysteria swept the people of south Florida. There was an unfounded fear that tuberculosis was endemic among Haitians. Many Haitians lost their jobs, and negative stereotypes and fears of Haitians became firmly embedded in the general south Florida population. There was this stereotype that Haitians were disease-ridden, uneducated and unskilled. This was misleading and unfounded. Often Haitian refugees were semiskilled, had some education. A typical refugee had completed only an average of four to six years of formal education. Fewer than 5 percent had graduated from high school. Members of south Floridas political elite-including Democratic party members, elected officials, and some Cubans-believed that the boat people were a disruptive force, destroying the community and draining public resources. The INS expends a far greater effort in controlling the flow of Haitians than before. 1980s: Centers for Disease Control announced that ...

Free sample - The US Government Should Not be Funding Arts.. translation missing

The US Government Should Not be Funding Arts.. The US Government Should Not be Funding Arts.Introduction First, what does "funding" refer to? Funding can be either direct or indirect. The US government was funding arts in this country before 1965 but that it took in-direct forms, including land grants, tax exemptions to educational and cultural institutions such as museums, and tax advantages for private donations of art to the public. This paper delves more onto direct state funding of the arts. The US arts system has no single control but instead, has a variety of public subsidies composing of roughly 13% of the nation’s total investment in nonprofit arts groups. The National Endowment for the Arts-NEA is the largest single funder of the arts across America, but the majority of direct public funding still flows from a combination of other federal, state, regional and local agencies. NEA in 2009 had a budget of US$155 million.   Even before the creation of the NEA in 1965, the issue of government in funding of the arts had been a contested one. Some justifications for governme nt arts funding are found, but it is noted that in embracing these justifications inappropriate consequences may be occur. Thus, in this paper it is urged that we refrain from government funding of the arts because the effects of such funding, would be deleterious to the art world. Much government funding is aimed at what might be thought of as the preservation of culture. It supports museums and repertory companies and is intent on keeping our culture intact. Other objectives of government funding target community art centers, regional theaters, and school programs. And funding may also be directed to professional artists for the purpose of enabling them to produce new works of art.    Whereas funding of museums looks to the past of our culture, funding professional artists is futuristic.   The preservation of culture, of course, is involved with education, which falls under the jurisdiction of the state . More to that, though not clearly, art preservation keeps us aware of who we have been, which informs our practical decisions about who we shall become. Support for the production of modern day art can also be defended as educational but, bluntly, contemporary art is not our heritage yet; nor is it clear how much of it will be or how far it will stand time.   If the aesthetic value of contemporary art would be used to justify prospective arts funding, it also will have unfortunate consequence in that it only warrants the funding of certain kinds of art, the art of the beautiful, the sublime, and that expressive of psychically balancing qualities. If no further justification can be found, the ill consequence of this is that the state can only fund a certain typ e of art. Artists pursuing certain non aesthetic aims cannot be funded by the state. If the government places large investments behind one type of art, the evolution of the art world will undoubtedly be affect ed. Whole avenues of artistic development will appear less viable than the production of aesthetic art. And from the contemporary art world's point of view, this kind of arts funding might be regarded as having a regressive effect overall.    Another justification used by proponents of arts funding is that it may function as an economic stimulant, promoting prosperity by, for example, attracting tourists. As far as this funding can be pegged to the state of the economy, it would appear to be a legitimate course of action, since functioning of economy is related to the state responsibilities. It is often difficult to imagine the way in which grants to individual artists for new works as opposed to city art centers can spur economic growth. An economic growth argument identifies the value of arts funding not with aesthetic or artistic value, but as an economic instrument. But despite this, the argument seems acceptable, although it can only be mobilized under certain constraints. Where   arts funding is employed to stimulate tourism or some other form of economic activity in a given area, the state must be convinced that there is no alternative form of intervention of comparable cost would yield greater prosperity in that area. More to that, where national rather than local economy is at issue, the state must supply some rationale why it is undertaking to stimulate tourism in one geographical region rather than another.      Another justification put forward is connecting arts funding to   employment. If state funding is not forthcoming, then many artists will be unemployed. Unemployment is a genuine matter of concern to the state. Massive unemployment is one of the great tragedies of our society, and we must demand that the state do something about it. Artists do not constitute a group that is comparable to unemployed youth. Justice and equal opportunity do not seem to bear on the issue of artistic unemployment. For instance, I may not be able to support my family as an unemployed poet; but that does not mean that I can't do it in another way, say, as a cook or a copywriter. It does not fall under the state's responsibilities in regard to the unemployed extend to guaranteeing that everyone have the job he or she most desires. The case of artistic unemployment involves people not able to pursue the line of work they most like, while youth unemployment at large involves people excluded from the work force altogether. Fairness can be used to ground government arts support. If a given government subsidizes the building of sports arenas, then, in all fairness, arts production should also be supported. If the government facilitates the pursuits of sports fans, then it should, as a matter of treating people equally, also facilitate the pursuits of arts fans, perhaps by means of supporting the creation of new art. But what, in such a context, justifies the subsidizing of sports? If nothing does, then perhaps what is required is that neither sports nor the arts be subsidized. Of course, a subsidy for a sport might be defended on the grounds that it stimulates the economy of an area; but then arts funding can, in principle, be similarly defended. Again, it does seem correct to say that if a majority, call them sports fans, demand sports funding in the face of opposition by a minority, call them arts lovers, then fairness urges that the leisure activity of the latter group also be supported, though perhap s not to the same extent. The deeper question, however, is whether any leisure activity should be supported. The advancement of the leisure professions may just not be an area the state should enter at all.    One of the earliest arguments in favor of government support of the arts is that the arts perform a moral function.   If art can function as a means of improving morality, then the state is justified in supporting it. Some art enables us to see the world from a different perspective, thus not only promoting the acquisition of a formal requirement of morality, but also enabling us to understand situations of different classes, races, creeds, and genders. Art, then, can foster greater tolerance within society and thereby bolster the moral order. If we argue from these grounds then state funding on moralizing grounds will be justified ,but   then only to that art which will increase moral sympathies. This will require some serious   research into the moral importance of different kinds of art. Art that afford no moral uplift cannot be funded. This raises problems like those encountered in an earlier discussion of the aesthetics value. If the state is funding only certain kinds of art and it enters the art world, putting its resources behind only moralizing kinds of art, then there is a danger that the development of the art world will be skewed in a certain direction. This violates our understanding   that   art should be pluralist and   independent of considerations of social utility.    Public arts funding primarily benefits the already advantaged. An artist is a person engaged in one or more of any of a broad spectrum of activities   related to creating art, practicing the arts and/or demonstrating an art(Wikipedia). Artist should be able to use their rare skills to improve their well being.    There is also an argument that public funding is necessary to promote innovation and dialogue among diverse points of view, so that groups that want to use the fine arts to challenge the status quo and advocate their unpopular world views and lifestyles can have a forum. However, while the common good requires tolerating the expression of unpopular points of view, the fact that most people do not share them suggests that the common good may not be served by supporting their expression. Even if it is, the government has no more business providing subsidies for such purposes. Indeed, many unpopular world views and lifestyles are at odds with traditional theism, and subsidizing them while not subsidizing theism would give the former an unfair advantage. People who think the expression of an unpopular viewpoint desirable should be fund it themselves just as religious believers should support their churches and missionary activities. The argument that public funding is necessary because some people have great and rare gifts that, due to lack of a market, otherwise will be lost. That might be true but the common good of political society is limited. It is not the proper role of the U.S. government to pursue all human goods in every possible way, and therefore not its business to subsidize every gift that otherwise will be fruitless. Some argue that subsidizing what initially appeals only to a few are necessary to foster a wide variety of creative initiatives that will elevate popular taste and tomorrow serve the multitude. Whether the funded work elevates anyone’s taste is arguable, but even supposing it does, can this indirect contribution to the common good justify the subsidy? Moreover, while some creative efforts that initially appeal to few eventually serve the masses, most do not, and it is hardly possible to show that public funding of some portion of art work is necessary for future cultural development. There are other needs calling for public funding, and some, plainly more pressing than this- for example, better basic education for the very poor- will surely put it to fruitful uses. One cannot justify spending for a dim and uncertain result when there are many urgent and promising alternatives. A recent argument draws a distinction between to view points of culture, Culture provides the particular paintings, performances, and novels, designs, sports and thrillers that we value and take delight in; but it also provides the structural frame that makes aesthetic values of that sort possible and makes them values for us. This structural frame includes a wealth of associations, references, images, and contrasts, which, like language, supply us with the tools with which we forge and map our common life. It insists that it is better for people to have a complex and multifarious cultural framework and that we owe future generations at least as rich a cultural framework as the one we inherited. Both these values can be achieved by promoting the creation of innovative art. Government support in this area is necessary because it "helps protect the fragile structure of our culture. This argument to endorse indirect rather than direct arts support by the government. But he does countena nce situations in which government support could be direct. At least two problems, however, beset this approach. First, there is the assumption that the structure of culture is fragile. When we look at the structure of culture, we note that it comprises many ingredients beside art-social dances, children's games, fashion, sports, religion, indeed the whole gamut of our symbolizing activities. These images become part and parcel of our ways of thinking; they are the very weave of our common culture. But it seems dubious to consider them to be fit beneficiaries of public funding. Yet if art deserves public funding because of its contribution to our cultural framework, so does anything else that similarly contributes, including, potentially, every sort of symbolizing activity, and notably some outlandish ones: hoopla-hoops, comic books, Billy Graham, the Watergate break-in, and so on. Government funding of anything involves government control. Proponents of arts funding are unaware of this peril when they praise the role of the national endowments as an seal of approval on artists and arts groups. This could lead to politicization of arts. Another claim used to justify public funding of arts is equal arts participation.   Participation in arts can not only be attributed to state funding and subsidy but may also be attributed to two other possible factors, that is; Groups that are inclined to participate even without state funding especially those with high income and highly educated may be attending in higher numbers; or, groups that formerly attended in lower rates for example, low income and education and certain ethnic groups may also be participating more given the rise in public support. Accordingly, If state art support truly makes the arts more available and accessible, then   it would be expected that an even more evenly distributed scenario of participation in states that provide more funding would be witnessed. Unequal participation in arts appears on several levels; in education, income, race, and geographic location. People will always participate in the arts at unequal levels, and statistical evidence confirms that participation in arts differs by various populace groups. Although income alone may not accurately predict participation at the individual level, a more complete picture is seen when economic   theory of choice is combined with other social and individual background characteristics that help determine preferences such as education level, racial alignment, income, and location. Therefore, participation inequalities occur not only because of variations of individual tastes, but also because of other social and cultural influences on the choice and ability to participate in arts.   The cultural equity argument for government support, depends on the problem of unequal access. The depends on the fact that factors beyond individuals’ immediate control prevent them from taking part in opportunities availed by participation in arts. Equal access can be categorized into three concepts: equality of opportunity, rights, opportunity, and of participation. Use of state funding to correct for unequal access is a form of redistribution. Redistribution through arts funding is skewed, since it favors those to whom art and the aesthetic are more important over those to whom it is less important. So, the best form of redistribution of state resources would be direct transfers to the less fortunate. Proponents of state funding will also argue that by funding arts the state is safeguarding the welfare of the citizens. But welfare, as it applies to as a state role, refers to assistance to individuals in need of the basic commodities that comprise a living. Is it practical to suppose that arts funding provides some such a commodity?   An analogy would be to say that someone needs Y is to say that they lack it, they will suffer injury, sickness, madness, hunger, or avoidable death. Does the production of contemporary artworks assist individuals in needful situations such as these? The answer is no. Some proponents of public funding will attempt to connect state arts support to the state's welfare function by   introducing a concept of aesthetic welfare. Aesthetic welfare is defined as all the aesthetic levels of the experience of members of the society at a given time. It is then suggested that there is a prima facie government duty to preserve the aesthetic wealth of society wh ere that wealth-pictures, plays, and so forth-is what gives rise to aesthetic welfare. It is not certain, however, that this particular notion of aesthetic welfare helps the case for prospective arts funding since it may be that, if there were such a prima facie duty, retrospective arts funding might suffice to discharge it. Also, one must question whether the connection between "aesthetic welfare" and the concept of welfare relevant to government activity is really unequivocal. First, "aesthetic welfare" doesn't correlate with de-finable needs, especially basic needs; nor does being below the poverty line imply being aesthetically disadvantaged. And clearly promoting individuals' aesthetic welfare will not raise them over the poverty line. More-over, the state's welfare responsibility under this conception of aesthetic welfare doesn't seem to be directly connected to individuals but is a matter of ensuring that there will be a large number of aesthetic objects around so that people can have aesthetic experiences if they want them. The state is to ensure the permanent possibility of high levels of what is called aesthetic welfare but might better be called aesthetic well-being. This well-being is to be secured for society at large, construed additively, whereas the state's welfare responsibilities are discharged toward particular per-sons, viz., anyone in need. Thus the notion of aesthetic welfare" appears not to refer to welfare of the kind that defines the state's proper domain of activity; it is merely a homonymous term that, though sounding like the concept employed in the discussion of the state's welfare responsibilities, is actually quite separate. Lastly, the idea that art will disappear if the government does not support it, and if the state does not fund new art, no one else will. Of course, this is a false claim, and a dubious one at that. The arts flourished in democratic societies before the coming of direct public funding; there is no reason to suppose that they will disappear without the direct government funding of new arts. Where people are interested in art, there will still be an audience to support new work. Were there no audience whatsoever, it would be difficult to determine on what basis the government would justify funding new art. SUMMARY In conclusion, there do appear to be some theoretical justifications for possible government funding of art. The two important   justifications seem to be those concerning the aesthetic environment and the moralizing effects of the arts.   For they endorse the funding of only certain types of art. Government support for only certain types of art may indeed disturb the structure of artistic production and perhaps destroy the art world as we know it.

Tesco in the Chinese Food Retail Market Dissertation

Tesco in the Chinese Food Retail Market - Dissertation Example Most importantly, I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to my parents who offer me the greatest support and encouragement. Table of Contents Table of Contents 5 List of Tables 7 List of Figures 8 1.0 Introduction 9 1.2 Research Question 13 2.0 Literature Review 14 2.3.1 PEST 21 2.3.2 SWOT 26 2.3.3 The Five Forces 27 2.4 Sustainable competitive advantage 32 2.5 Factors influencing strategies for achieving a competitive advantage in China 35 3.0 Methodology 40 4.0 Result 51 4.1 Carrefour Supermarkets 54 Organisation Overview 54 Operations and Business Strategy 55 Domestic Competition 57 Competitive Advantage 58 4.2 Wal-Mart 58 Organisation Overview 58 Operations and Business Strategy 59 Domestic Competition 60 Competitive Advantage 60 5.0 Discussion 62 Organisation Overview 62 Operations and Business Strategy 63 Domestic Competition 65 Competitive Advantage 65 6.0 Conclusion 68 7.0 References 70 List of Tables Table 1. The amount of sales and the amount of chain stores of Carrefour in China Page 33 List of Figures Figure 1.0 Porter's Five Forces Model (Porter 2001). Page 20 1.0 Introduction China's admittance into the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 2001 opened up the Chinese market to the rest of the world. From the end of 2004, the Chinese government began lifting restrictions on foreign retailers, which enabled retail operations that were 100% foreign owned to operate (LaSalle 2005, Chen 2006, Tao 2006). This opportunity was obviously seized upon by retailers like Tesco, Carrefour and Walmart who dominate the foreign-owned food retail market. The Chinese market is particularly attractive as it is not... Introduction China’s admittance into the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 2001 opened up the Chinese market to the rest of the world. From the end of 2004, the Chinese government began lifting restrictions on foreign retailers, which enabled retail operations that were 100% foreign owned to operate (LaSalle 2005, Chen 2006, Tao 2006). This opportunity was obviously seized upon by retailers like Tesco, Carrefour and Walmart who dominate the foreign-owned food retail market. The Chinese market is particularly attractive as it is not homogenous and encompasses numerous target markets which represent purchasing power for retailers. This is particularly true of the markets based in the urban areas, as it is reported that there is an income disparity between rural and urban customers. The urban per capita income is three times more than that of rural areas (LaSalle 2005, Chen 2006, Tao 2006), which presents profit to the food retailers. The opening up of the markets in China has also introduced competitive advantage to the Chinese market. Prior to 2004, foreign owned companies had to form joint ventures with Chinese companies and were limited to owning a 65% stake in the business (LaSalle 2005, Chen 2006, Tao 2006). They also had restrictions on the number of stores that could be opened in a geographical region, which gave the domestic retailers a competitive advantage. Domestic retailers had access to the entire Chinese market, and as a result they also had the monopoly on the knowledge.

Chemistry reasearch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chemistry reasearch - Essay Example s likely to be incredibly small compared to the reality on the ground.   Still, a collection of examples that have surfaced in the English-language media will help to document the use of these atrocious weapons. Cluster bombs, dropped from the air, and cluster munitions, fired from the ground, are designated as such because they fragment into many smaller bombs.   When a cluster weapon is dropped or fired, it opens in the air and disperses hundreds of smaller explosives (submunitions, or bomblets) which scatter over an area of up to hundreds of thousands of feet.  Ã‚   Most of these submunitions explode upon impact, but between 5% and 30% fail to ignite.   These â€Å"duds† retain their deadly features, and typically will explode immediately when touched.   Herein lies the main threat to civilians, since dud bombs act as landmines across vast areas for many years. During the first Gulf War, the US and its allies dropped cluster bombs containing around 20 million bomblets.   In addition, cluster munitions spread more than 30 million bomblets.   In Kuwait, around 200 cluster duds are still being found and destroyed each month.  Ã‚   In Afghanistan, the United States dropped 1,228 CBU-87 cluster bombs containing 248,056 bomblets.  Ã‚   Assuming a 7% failure rate,   this would leave roughly 17,363 unexploded bomblets scattered across Afghanistan. The US and UK are quick to point out that cluster bombs and cluster munitions are not specifically banned under the 1997 Ottawa Mine Ban Treaty.  Ã‚   Still, the indiscriminate nature of scattered explosives and the lingering danger of unexploded bombs make these weapons nearly identical to landmines.   A strong case can also be made that cluster bombs and munitions are illegal under the Geneva Convention, which demands the protection of civilians even when intermingled with military personnel. The US and the UK both officially acknowledged on April 3 that their air forces have been dropping cluster bombs on Iraq.  Ã‚   Judging by

Nasty and unsightly Essay Example for Free

Nasty and unsightly Essay This segregation can be deeply felt by the reader and is very emotive. During the last extract there are a number of reasons why the audience would feel sorry for the monster. The eloquent and expressive nature of the language he uses show the reader that inside he is a beautiful being. I shall no longer see the sun or stars, or feel the winds play on my cheeks. The things that he will most miss are the sun and stars. These natural things are what he finds most enjoyable. The metaphor of the wind playing on his cheeks gives the reader a sense of his intelligent language but also his gentleness. Unlike Frankenstein the monster also blames himself for what has happened. But it is true that I am a wretch This sentence shows that the monster has acknowledged what he has done but also creates empathy with the audience, the word shows that he doesnt think much of himself. A wretch is often something very nasty and unsightly. How do you think Shelley feels about him? scientists were unconcerned by the potential consequences of their work Shelleys opinions on different matters are clear throughout the novel. The way that scientists were trying to push boundaries is explored. Shelleys view is obvious. She believes that scientists were unconcerned by the potential consequences of their work. Nothing must be able to go ahead without the full knowledge that it is safe. I believe that she uses the monster as a metaphor for this. Frankenstein had not taken enough time to way up the consequences of what might happen and the monster was born. Prejudice is a strong theme right through the novel. Shelley uses the monster to portray her thoughts about prejudice. She uses two extremes. She creates the monsters appearance to be revolting whilst his personality is smart, imaginative and elegant. During the story the only people who get to talk and interact with the monster are the blind people and Walton. These are also the only people he gets speak to in depth. This shows that once people can interact with him and get passed the way he looks it doesnt matter. The blind people speak to him because they cannot see what he looks like. Walton, even though he originally sets out to kill the monster begins to feel sympathy for the monster. Shelley obviously believes that people are too narrow-minded to look further into someone before judging them. Another major theme of the story is that of parent/child relationships. Shelley uses Frankenstein as the parent figure to the monster to explore the act of neglect upon a child. Marys mother died shortly after she was born. Once the monster is born Frankensteins vision of an amazing super-being vanishes and he sees the ugliness of what he has created. This may be a belief of Shelley. How mothers have a great vision of their baby and nurturing it and bringing it up but when the baby is actually born the mother is hit by the realisation of bringing up a child. The mother then chooses to neglect the child. Shelley then looks at what affect neglect can have on the child. The evil which engulfs the monster is directed at Frankenstein as a result of his neglect. I believe that Shelley sympathises with Frankenstein but more with the monster. I believe that Shelley relates to the monster as she felt neglected by her mother, although she died. I believe that she structures the book in a way that portrays this. She gives the reader the most of the book to sympathise with Frankenstein and only allows a smaller part in which the reader can gain sympathy for the monster. However she believes that the monsters grief is far worse than Frankensteins so that even less amount of time novel the reader still feels a greater amount of sympathy for the monster. I too feel compassion toward monster. I believe that someones abuse on the grounds of their appearance is wrong. Everybody should be allowed to express themselves to others and be given the chance to be understood. I also believe that most sympathy falls to Frankenstein because it was not his fault, Frankenstein created him and also neglected him. In my opinion although the monster carried out the murders the reason he did was Frankenstein. Not only did he create him without thinking of the possible consequences he also abandoned him and this caused the monster to become evil as a result of his torment. This can be linked back to the philosophy that people were born good. The monsters experience of society has moulded him into something which causes great havoc but truly, inside, he is good. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Cloning: A Good Thing Essay -- Science Genetics DNA Clone Essays

Cloning: A Good Thing A growing controversy in the world today is cloning. One stance is that cloning and cloning research should be banned altogether. Another position is in support of no restrictions of cloning and that scientists should be able to test on animals if they deem it necessary. Many other views are squeezed into different gray areas on the topic. It would be beneficial to explore the methods, benefits, moral and ethical conflicts involved with human cloning to fully understand the pros of cloning. The methods of human cloning and the research that accompanies them can provide a great deal of benefits. The benefits of human cloning include important medical breakthroughs, reproduction, and morality issues. Animals and plants could be cloned to produce lifesaving medicines through the research obtained on the way to human cloning. Human cloning research could cure many incurable diseases. â€Å"Medical breakthroughs from cloning research could cure cancer and heart attacks, lead to organs for organ transplants, and a revolution in cosmetic surgery. A balding man could have grafts made of his own hair and have it transplanted onto his scalp† (Human Cloning Foundation). Human cloning technology could allow children to lead better lives than their parents did, because of medical breakthroughs. Cloning could lead to the fountain of youth. It could allow reproduction of organs so people could transplant organs and never die. Infertile couples co...

Contract and United Airlines

Cardillo Travel Systems, Inc. ACT 1 Russell Smith knew why he had been summoned to the office of A. Walter Rognlien, the 74-year-old chairman of the board and chief executive officer (CEO) of Smith’s employer, Cardillo Travel Systems, Inc. Just two days earlier, Cardillo’s in-house attorney, Raymond Riley, had requested that Smith, the company’s controller, sign an affidavit regarding the nature of a transaction Rognlien had negotiated with the United Airlines.The affidavit stated that the transaction involves $203,000 payment by United Airlines to Cardillo but failed to disclose why the payment was being made or for what specific purpose the funds would be used. The affidavit included a statement indicating that Cardillo’s stockholders’ equity exceeded $3 million, a statement that Smith knew to be incorrect. Smith also knew that Cardillo was involved in a lawsuit and that court injunction issued in the case required the company to maintain stockhol ders’ equity of at least $3 million.Because of the blatant misrepresentation in the affidavit concerning Cardillo’s stockholders’ equity and a sense of uneasiness regarding United Airlines’ payment to Cardillo, Smith had refused to sign the affidavit. When Smith stepped into Rognlien’s office on that day in May 1985, he found not only Rognlien but also Riley and two other Cardillo executives. One of the other executives was Esther Lawrence, the firm’s energetic 44-year-old persistent and chief operating officer (COO) and Rognlien’s wife and confidante. Lawrence, a long-time employee, had assumed control of Cardillo’s day-to-day operations in 1948.Rognlien’s two sons by a previous marriage had left the company in the early 1980s following a power struggle with Lawrence and their father. As Smith sat waiting for the meeting to begin, his apprehension mounted. Although Cardillo had a long and proud history, in recent years the company had begun experiencing serious financial problems. Founded in 1935 and purchased in 1956 by Rognlien, Cardillo ranked as the fourth-largest company in the travel agency industry and was the first to be listed on a national stock exchange. Cardillo’s annual revenues had steadily increased after Rognlien acquired the company, approaching $100 million by 1984.Unfortunately, the company’s operating expenses had increased more rapidly. Between 1982 and 1984, Cardillo posted collective losses of nearly $1. 5 million. These poor operating results were largely due to an aggressive franchising strategy implemented by Rognlien. In 1984 alone that strategy more than doubled the number of travel agency franchises operated by Cardillo. Shortly after the meeting began, the overbearing and volatile Rognlien demanded that Smith sign the affidavit. When Smith steadfastly refused, Rognlien showed him the first page of an unsigned agreement between United Airlines and Cardill o.Rognlien then explained that the $203,000 payment was intended to cover expenses incurred by Cardillo in changing from American Airlines’ Apollo system. Although the payment was intended to reimburse Cardillo for those expenses and was refundable to United Airlines if not spent, Rognlien wanted Smith to record the payment immediately as revenue. Not surprisingly, Roglien’s suggested treatment of the United Airlines payment would allow Cardillo to meet the $3 million minimum stockholders’ equity threshold established by the court order outstanding against the company.Without hesitation, Smith informed Rognlien that recognizing the United Airlines payment as revenue would be improper. At that point, â€Å"Rognlien told Smith that he was incompetent and unprofessional because he refused to book the united payment as income. Rognlien further told Smith that Cardillo did not need a controller like Smith who would not do what was expected of him†. ACT 2 In No vember 1985, Helen Shepherd, the audit partner supervising the 1985 audit of Cardillo by Touche Ross, stumbled across information in the client’s files regarding the agreement Rognlien had negotiated with United Airlines earlier that year.When Shepherd asked her subordinates about this agreement, one of them told her of a $ 203,000 adjusting entry Cardillo had recorded in late June. That entry, which follows, had been approved by Lawrence and was apparently linked to the United Airlines-Cardillo transaction: Dr ReceivablesUnited Airlines$203,210 Cr Travel Commissions and Fees203,210 Shepherd’s subordinates had discovered the adjusting entry during their second-quarter review of Cardillo’s form 10-Q statement. When asked, Lawrence explanation without attempting to corroborate it with other audit evidence.After discussing the adjusting entry with her subordinates, Shepherd questioned Lawrence. Lawrence insisted that the adjusting entry had been properly recorded. Shepherd than requested that Lawrence asks United Airlines to provide Touch Ross with a confirmation verifying the key stipulations of the agreement with Cardillo. Shepherd’s concern regarding the adjusting entry stemmed from information she had reviewed in the client’s files that the United Airlines payment to Cardillo was refundable under certain conditions and thus not recognizable immediately as revenue.Shortly after the meeting between Shepherd and Lawrence, Walter Rognlien contacted the audit partner. Like Lawrence, Rognlien maintained that the $203,000 amount had been properly recorded as commission revenue during the second quarter. Rognlien also told Shepherd that the disputed amount, which United Airlines paid to Cardillo during the third quarter of 1985, was not refundable to United Airlines under any circumstances. After some prodding by Shepherd, Rognlien agreed to allow her to request a confirmation from United Airlines concerning certain features of the agreement.Shepherd received the requested confirmation from United Airlines on December 17, 1986. The confirmation stated that the disputed amount was refundable through 1990 if certain stipulations of the contractual agreement between the two parties were not fulfilled. After receiving the confirmation, Shepherd called Rognlien and asked him to explain the obvious difference of opinion between United Airlines and Cardillo regarding the terms of their agreement with the chairman of the board of United Airlines. â€Å"Rognlien claimed that pursuant to this confidential business arrangement, the $203,210 would never have to repaid the United.Shepherd’s conversation with Rognlien refused. In fact, as Rognlien knew, no such agreement existed. † A few days following Shepherd’s conversation with Rognlien, she advised William Kaye, Cardillo’s vice president of finance, that the $203,000 amount could not be recognized as revenue until the contractual agreement wi th United Airlines expired in 1990. Kaye refused to make the appropriate adjusting entry, explaining that Lawrence had insisted that the payment from United Airlines be credited to a revenue account. On December 30, 1958, Rognlien called Shepherd and told her that he was terminating Cardillo’s relationship with Touche Ross.In early February 1986, Cardillo filled a form 8-K statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) notifying that agency of the company’s change in auditors. SEC regulations required Cardillo to disclose in the 8-K statement any disagreements involving accounting, auditing, or financial reporting issues with its former auditor. The 8-K, signed by Lawrence, indicated that no such disagreements preceded Cardillo’s decision to dismiss Touche Ross. SEC regulations also required Touche Ross to draft a letter commenting on the existence of any disagreements with Cardillo.This letter had to be filed as an exhibit to the 8-K statement. In touche Ross’s exhibit letter, Shepherd discussed that the improper accounting treatment given that transaction resulted in misrepresented financial statements for Cardillo for the six months ended June 30, 1985, and the nine months ended September 30, 1985. In late February 1986, Raymond Riley, Cardillo’s legal counsel, wrote Shepherd and insisted that she had misinterpreted the United Airlines-Cardillo transaction in the Touch Ross exhibit letter filed with the company’s 8-K.Riley also informed Shepherd that Cardillo would not pay the $17,500 invoice that Touche Ross had submitted to his company. This invoice was for professional services Touche Ross had rendered prior to being dismissed by Rognlien. ACT 3 On January 21, 1986, Cardillo retained KMG Main Hurdman (KMG) to replace Touche Ross as its independent audit firm. KMG soon addressed the accounting treatment Cardillo had applied to the United Airlines payment. When KMG personnel discussed the payment with Rognlien, he informed them to the alleged secret arrangement with United Airlines that superseded the written contractual agreement.According to Rognlien, the secret arrangement precluded United Airlines from demanding a refund of the $203,000 payment under any circumstances. KMG refused to accept this explanation. Roger Shlonsky, the KMG audit partner responsible for Cardillo engagement, told Rognlien that the payment would have to be recognized as revenue on a pro rata basis over the five-year period of the written contractual agreement with United Airlines. Cardillo began experiencing severe liquidity problems in early 1986. These problems worsened a few months later when a judge imposed a $685,000 judgment on Cardillo to resolve a civil suit filed against the company.Following the judge? s ruling Raymond Riley alerted Rognlien and Lawrence that the adverse judgment qualified as a â€Å"material event† and thus has to be reported to the SEC in a Form 8-K filling. In the me morandum he sent to his superiors, Riley discussed the serious implications of not disclosing the settlement to the SEC: â€Å"My primary concern by not releasing such report and information is that the officers and directors of Cardillo may be subject to violation of rule 10b-5 of the SEC rules by failing to disclose information that may be material to a potential investor. Within 10 days of receiving Riley’s memorandum, Rognlien sold 100,000 shares of Cardillo stock in the open market. Two weeks later, Lawrence issued a press release disclosing for the first time the adverse legal settlement or that Cardillo remained viable only because Rognlien had invested in the company the proceeds from the sale of the 100,000 shares of stock. Additionally, Lawrence’s press release, Roger Shlonsky met with Rognlien and Lawrence. Shlonsky informed them that the press released grossly understated Cardillo’s estimated loss for fiscal 1985. Shortly after that meeting, KMG res igned as Cardillo’s independent audit firm.EPILOGUE In May 1987, the creditors of Cardillo Travel Systems, Inc. forced the company into involuntary bankruptcy proceedings. Later that same year, the SEC concluded a lengthy investigation of the firm. The SEC found that Rognlien, Lawrence, and Kaye had violated several provisions of the federal securities laws. These violations included making false representations to outside auditors, failing to maintain accurate financial records, and failing to file prompt financial reports with the SEC, In addition, the federal agency charged Rognlien with violating the insider trading provisions of the federal securities laws.As a result of these findings, the SEC imposed permanent injunctions on each of the three individuals that prohibit them from engaging in future violations of federal securities laws. The SEC also attempted to recover from Rognlien the $237,000 he received from selling the 100,000 shares of Cardillo stock in April 1986 . In January 1989, the two parties resolved this matter when Rognlien agreed to pay the Sec $60,000

Philosophy of Education Essay

The word â€Å"teacher† does the profession no service. A teacher is really a combination of the most important professions in the world. Besides the parents, an educator is the biggest influence in a child’s life. The age span in which children are in school is the most impressionable years of their lives. A student’s educational experience can mold the events of his or her future. That is why I want to become a teacher. I want to be a mold for younger generations, and I hope for students to remember a knowledgeable and ethical teacher. Beliefs I feel the student should come to school willing to learn and the teacher should come ready to teach! The student’s role is just as important as the teachers; the student’s expectations of the teacher should be for her to teach and help them learn at all times. Teachers also play an important role in the classroom when it comes to the environment. If the teacher prepares a warm, happy environment, students are more likely to be happy. An environment set by the teacher can be either good or bad. If students feel the teacher is angry, students may react badly to that and therefore learning can be harder. I think teachers are responsible for the social behavior in their classrooms. This behavior is primarily a reflection of the teacher’s actions and the environment he/she sets. Metaphysics We are all here for a purpose and I believe that, that is to live for God and follow his way of life. It is hard to know what you are really on earth for until you find it through him! Some teachers will find it hard to keep the focus on the classroom do to all the other outside distractions but, I strongly believe that is you were meant to be a teacher then you will find a way to look past the bad and find the good. Why am I here? I think I am here to help children follow their dreams and make it through school easier than I did. When I become a teacher I want to be the best ever! I want to see that smile on the kids’ faces after I teach them something amazing. Progressivism I want to teach from some aspects of the progressivism style which focuses on respect for individuality, high regard for science, and learning from experience. I want to teach the children in my classroom to have respect for each other. This is a quality that will help them to be successful in society because if they respect others, then others will have respect for them. Having respect for others also shows that they have respect for themselves. I also want children to learn by hands-on activities. I will direct them from step to step and demonstrate how to do each step in the activities they perform. These activities make learning more interesting for the children because the children are able to get involved instead of just always watching the teacher do everything. Speaking of the children getting involved, they can really get involved when learning in a different atmosphere when on field trips. I feel taking children on field trips is an effective learning experience for them because it allows children to get out of the classroom setting and learn from a different perspective. In addition I want to focus on sciences because they are an important area in the knowledge of children. I think this growing area of our society should be focused on thoroughly because science advances and improves every day and I feel children should be aware of their changing world. Constructivism I feel like this is the main reason why I should teach and why I want to teach, I have learned so much though school and it has molded me to become who I am today. I learn a lot through experience and what I know will make me a better teacher it will help me relate to the ones that hate school or the ones that think they can’t do it. It’s all a process and the way you take the steps is how I think you will show others so you have to help them with their process and make sure that it doesn’t go bad or in the wrong direction. I plan to continue my education so that I may make teaching my profession. After graduation, I hope to find a position in an elementary school teaching in one of the first through sixth grade classes. I feel that elementary education is extremely important because it is here that children establish their foundation for the rest of the educational career. My goal and desires are to have the opportunity to touch a child’s life.

Extrusion of Thermoplastics Sheet Essays

Extrusion of Thermoplastics Sheet Essays Extrusion of Thermoplastics Sheet Essay Extrusion of Thermoplastics Sheet Essay 1. Abstract Sheet bulge is an of import procedure particularly in boxing industries. In this experiment, Nova Innovene Polystyrene with Grade Empera 416N ( MFI 18 ) and Grade Empera 622N ( MFI 4 ) would used to measure the difference in end product, die caput force per unit area under different processing conditions. Through sheet bulge experiment, it shows that addition in mass end product as die caput force per unit area increased. MFI 18 produced more end product than MFI 14 as the prison guard velocity decreased from high to low. By utilizing the unfastened discharge informations at screw velocity 2RPMto secret plan graph against with experimental consequences, it can foretell the maximal end product at different die caput force per unit area without making proving. As screw velocity additions, emphasis rate addition, which leads to increase in screw velocity, and so increase in thickness. Web rupture will happen with the velocity of the axial rotation stack and extruder increased quickly. W hen die spread is more than concluding sheet, thicknesses, cervix in, pull down will happen and besides bring forth a batch of molecular orientation. Draw down causes die swell, sharkskin and melt break. Sentmanat extensional rheometer is used to mensurate the extensional emphasis. . A movie of polymer is wound on two revolving membranophones, which apply changeless or variable strain rate extensional distortion on the polymer movie. The emphasis is determined from the torsion exerted by the membranophones. Tear trial and shrinking trial were done, because it is of import for applications such as nutrient packaging. The nutrient bundle might shrivel under microwave temperature. 2. Aims * Analyze how different operating parametric quantities and conditions in a sheet bulge procedure affect dice flow features utilizing different MFI HIPS * Analyze the different procedure conditions affect the shrinking and molecular orientation 3. Experimental 1. MFI 18 HIPS Empera Grade 416N was added into the hopper. 2. The screw velocity was adjusted from 0RPM to 24RPM. 3. The end product was collected and weighted after 90seconds for 2RPM and 4RPM, 45seconds for 8,12,16,20,24RPM and repeated from 24RPM to 0RPM. 4. Actual Melt Temperature, Pressure, Motor Current and Difference in Die Head Pressure were recorded. 5. The same stairss from 1-4 were repeated for MFI 4 HIPS Empera Grade 622N, but it started from 24RPM to 0RPM. 4. Consequences and Discussion Refer to appendix for the consequences under table 1 and 2. 4.1 Die flow feature: secret plan mass end product versus die head force per unit area ( for each class of stuff ) in order to bring forth the dice flow features for each class of PS, as a map of screw velocity. From 1, which is for HIPS MFI 18, the ?P and mass end product from the diminishing curve, is higher than the increasing curve. It is because the temperature was already really high ( 168.5oC ) when the thaw was runing when the prison guard velocity was reduced to 20RPM from 24RPM.Whereas the temperature from screw velocity 20RPM to 24RPM, which was 166.9oC. Higher temperatures, faster thaw, more thaw produced. However, from 2, the prison guard velocity at 12 RPM, the increasing curve has higher end product of 0.59g/min the decreasing curve. In existent fact, the end product mass from the diminishing curve should hold more than the increasing curve. Because, the temperature at screw velocity 12RPM for the decreasing curve is higher than the increasing temperature. With mention to the dice flow characteristic equation – Newtonian ( refer to equation 1 in appendix ) , it shows that with the addition in ?P, Q will besides increase. Â µ will diminish as temperature and ?P addition together, allowing to increase end product mass. The job that causes a lessening of end product rate for 12RPM for the decreasing curve, might be the operator did non roll up the extrudate thoroughly or roll up the sample before the timer has reached 1minute. Refer to 5 in appendix ; it was the comparing bulge consequences for MFI 4 and MFI 18 were from screw velocity 24RPM to 0RPM were used to make a comparing. The end product for MFI 18 is higher compared to MFI 4 because MFI 18 has low molecular weight which gives lower viscousness and so higher end product. Whereas, MFI 4 has higher molecular weight which gives lower viscousness and so lower end product although under the same prison guard velocity. 4.2 Extruder flow characteristic relating to ‘open discharge informations for HIPS Screw speed 2RPM was used to plot the graph, because the consequences recorded from screw velocity 8RPM to 24RPM was higher than the ‘Open discharge informations. Mention to 6 in appendix for MFI 18 and 7 for MFI 4. At screw velocity 2RPM, the ‘open discharge informations was 17.7g/min for mass end product and the ?P is 0mPa. For MFI 18, the mass end product collected was 11.2g/min and the ?P is 0.8mPa. For MFI 4, the mass end product collected was 17.09g/min and the ?P is 2.4mPa. 4.3 Account the tendencies which are established, with mention to extrusion flow theory, and the effects of prison guards speed / stuff viscousness. State the relevancy of shear flow theory to the observation of non-linear extruder features. Screw Speed An addition in screw velocity will increase the volumetric and so shear rates besides increases1. Screw velocity, shear rate and end product are in direct proportion under low-shear conditions2. Shear warming occurs for polymer which will take away from additive screw speed-throughout correlations3. Melt Viscosity Refer to appendix for equations 2-Single Screw extruder feature and 3- shear flow through an opening of changeless dimension, each suggest that an addition in viscousness will diminish the gradient –dQ / d?P each feature, ensuing in increased dice caput force per unit area for an end product rate which remains comparatively unchanged4. 3.2 With mention to this theory, describe and history for the relationship between prison guards velocity and sheet thickness profiles. As the Screw velocity additions, the sheet thickness profiles besides increase. The extruder and axial rotation stack velocities simultaneously5. If the extruder increases faster than the axial rotation, polymer construct up between the dice and axial rotation stack will either wrap a axial rotation or flux back onto the die face6. If the axial rotation stack and takeoff equipment velocity is increased excessively quickly, web rupture takes place7. If the dice spread greatly exceeds the concluding sheet thickness, pulling or make outing down might go on to the concluding merchandise thickness8. It may bring forth excessively much molecular orientation9. 3.3 Explain the phenomenon of drawdown, in footings of how it occurs ( on the extruder ) and the type of distortion which the polymer is subjected to. Drawdown means to cut down the plastic s size by stretching it10. It occurs when longitudinal strain was imposed upon an extruded, partially-solidified thaw due to emphasize created by draw –off viscousness which is more than dice end product velocity11. The types of distortions are die crestless wave, sharkskin and melt fracture12. Die Swell alterations in extrudate diameter at the issue of die13. It leads to longitudinal shrinking and sidelong enlargement, which is caused by gyrating of polymer molecules after being stretched through the die14. Sharkskin is the surface abnormality of an extrudate, which is like a series of ridges perpendicular to the flow direction15. The cause of this might be the acceleration consequence on the outer bed consequences in lacrimation of the weak elastic melt16. Melt Fracture is when a rod like cross-section extrudate is twisted into a signifier of spiral, which is bambooing17. It is the cause of slow relaxation times relative to the distortion rates in which the emphasis exceeds the strength of the thaw and a break results18. It can be minimized by cut downing the dice diameter, which leads to cut down in shear emphasis and so cut down of thaw fracture19. 3.4 Suggest how a quantitative ‘extensional emphasis parametric quantity might be measured or calculated from farther instrumentality on the bulge procedure. The Sentmanat extensional rheometer ( SER ) is really a fixture that can be field installed on shear rheometers20. A movie of polymer is wound on two revolving membranophones, which apply changeless or variable strain rate extensional distortion on the polymer film21. The emphasis ( extensional ) is determined from the torsion exerted by the drums22. Refer to plot 1 for the equation of distortion under force23. Where extensional emphasis is equal to Young s modulus multiply by strain24. 3.5 Account for the consequences from the simple ‘tear trials carried out on the sheets. It is easy to rupture in the oriented way which is the y axis ; nevertheless it is hard to rupture in the un-orientated way ( x-axis ) . A nip cut at the side in the un-orientated way, helps rupturing apart easier. However, it was rupturing in the x-axis, after awhile, the lacrimation starts to rupture towards the y-axis. The ground why the lacrimation ever in favor of y-axis is due to the molecules were arranged in the y-axis way and it was cooled instantly once it passed the ice chest roller, and the molecules were frozen in that orientation. 3.6 Account for the consequences from the shrinking trial carried out on the sheets. Directional shrinking occurred in this experiment25. The grade of orientation imparted to the thaw during the mold filling procedure has a big influence on the shrinking exhibited by HIPS26. During mold filling, the polymer molecules undergo stretching those consequences in molecular orientation and anisotropic shrinking behaviour27. HIPS is a neat orientated fictile stuff, so it tend to shrivel more along the way of flow ( in flow shrinking ) 28. The cut of strips of the samples were placed in the 120oC for 10minutes. By comparing the % length shrinking for extrude velocity at 20rpm with different roller velocities ; the highest roller velocity 2metre/min with the thinnest thickness has the highest % length shrinking of 22.64 % . Whereas, the lowest roller velocity 1metre/min with the thickest thickness has the lowest % length shrinking of 9.80 % . Because of the fast roller velocity, the molecules in the movie orientation are frozen rapidly, and have no clip to rearrange. But one time, its placed in the oven, the molecules were in relaxed province, hence, shrinking occurs. By comparing the % length shrinking for roller velocity 2metre/min with different extrude velocities ; the lowest extrude velocity 12rpm with the thinnest thickness has the highest % length shrinking of 38.46 % . And the highest extrude velocity 20rpm with the thickest thickness has the lowest % length shrinking of 22.64 % . 4 Decisions * The experiment was a success * All aims were met. 5 Mentions 1-3 Extrusion Processes, Physics of Plastics: Processing, Properties and Materials Engineering, by Birley/Haworth/ Batchelor, page 127 4 Bulge Processes, Physics of Plastics: Processing, Properties and Materials Engineering, by Birley/Haworth/ Batchelor, page 119 5-9 Operation, Bulge: the unequivocal processing usher and enchiridion, By Harold F. Giles, John R. Wagner, Eldridge M. Mount, page 437 10 Extrusion Process, hypertext transfer protocol: //online.sfsu.edu/~jge/html/extrusionprocess.html ( accessed on 7th December 2009 ) 11 Bulge Processes, Physics of Plastics: Processing, Properties and Materials Engineering, by Birley/Haworth/ Batchelor, page 116 13-19 Processing of Thermoplastic, material.eng.usm.my/stafhome/ /Week % 204 % 20Processing.ppt ( Accessed 7th December 2009 ) 20-22 Rheometer, hypertext transfer protocol: //about.qkport.com/r/rheometer, ( accessed on 9th December 2009 ) 23-24 Material response to force, Practical bulge blow casting, By Samuel L. Belcher 25-28 Plastic portion design for injection casting: an Introduction, By Robert A. Malloy 6 Appendix ?P With mention to decease flow characteristic equation ( Newtonian ) : Q = g. Â µ Equation 1 ( Equation taken from: Bulge Processes, Physics of Plastics: Processing, Properties and Materials Engineering, by Birley/Haworth/ Batchelor ) , page 117 Single Screw extruder characteristic ? Q = ?N . ?P -eqn 2 Â µ ( ? and ? are invariables of screw geometry ) Taken from: Bulge Processes, Physics of Plastics: Processing, Properties and Materials Engineering, by Birley/Haworth/ Batchelor, page 107 Shear flow through an opening of changeless dimension ?P Q = K. -eqn 3 Â µ Taken from: Bulge Processes, Physics of Plastics: Processing, Properties and Materials Engineering, by Birley/Haworth/ Batchelor, page 117 Taken from Material response to force, Practical bulge blow casting, By Samuel L. Belcher Table 1: Consequences for MFI 18 Table 2: Consequences for MFI 4 Extrude velocity( RPM ) Avg. Thickness ( millimeter ) 20 0.17 16 0.15 12 0.12 Table 3: Consequences for mean thickness with different extrude velocity – refer to 8 for graph secret plan Table 4: Consequences for different extrude velocity and roller velocity, mean thickness and before and after shrinking

Writing a Residency Personal Statement

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